By Lucas Compan

The Statue of Liberty is probably one of the most recognizable structures in the entire world, a “new colossus,” as it was called when it was built, intended to be a shining beacon of welcome and promise for weary travelers entering New York Harbor. Thanks to the fact that there is no copyright on the statue’s image, her noble visage has also been used to peddle everything from tax preparation services to key chains. But while you might be familiar with the statue’s public persona, how much do you know about the history of Lady Liberty and the island she stands on? Read on to learn some of the statue’s secrets, and take a trip to the landmark and her famous neighbor with the Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island Tour.

The inspiration

Although it is not known for certain, many historians believe that sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi used his mother’s face as a model for Lady Liberty’s. The fabric-draped body, on the other hand, is said by some to have been fashioned with his wife’s figure in mind. Built in 1883 by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, it is said that he used his mother as the model for her face. The design was based on the Roman goddess of Liberty and has become one of the most iconic landmarks in the United States.

A thin-skinned lady

The Statue of Liberty was originally reddish-brown in color. Its present green color is due to patination. Patination is a process whereby copper turns blue-green due to exposure to air. The Statue of Liberty took about 25 years to change from its original reddish-brown color. In 1906, when the copper was still undergoing patination, politicians became concerned, and Congress allocated US$62,000 to have her painted. This resulted in an outrage, and the plan was shelved. On the positive side, the patina protects the statue as it stops the copper from wearing away. 

The copper skin of the statue is as thin as two pennies put together—3/32 of an inch—but it weighs 63000 pounds (28 tons). The stresses caused by that enormous weight is absorbed by the pedestal, which is made of concrete clad in granite quarried in Connecticut (solid granite was just too expensive).

Pennies for a pedestal

The statue was a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, with a stipulation that the U.S. pay for a pedestal to put it on. Fundraising proved problematic on both sides of the Atlantic, and political and economic turmoil threatened the project at various points between the time it was conceived (most likely in 1870), and its completion in 1886.

Publisher Joseph Pulitzer helped give a final push to the campaign to pay for the pedestal in 1885, when he offered to publish the names of anyone who contributed on the front page of his paper, the New York World, no matter how small the sum. The drive raised $102,000 ($2.3 million today’s dollars) in increments as small as a nickel.

Whose island is it, anyway?

Liberty Island, so-called officially only since 1956, was once known as Bedloe’s Island. It was part of a group of islands called the Oyster Islands for the huge oyster beds surrounding them, which were destroyed by landfills in the early 20th century. Back in the colonial period, the island was used as a smallpox quarantine station and “pesthouse” where people with contagious diseases of various sorts were isolated. 

It is federal land, surrounded by New Jersey waters, whose buildings and piers are under the jurisdiction of the state of New York—an unusually complicated constellation of governance.

Why you can’t get inside the torch

It can be disappointing to those who don't know it's off limits, but there's a very good reason for it.

Contrary to popular belief, the torch isn't closed off because of structural damage caused by years of wear and tear — it's thanks to an act of sabotage by Germany during World War I, according to the National Park Service (NPS).

On July 30, 1916, German saboteurs destroyed a huge cache of explosives being stored for shipment to Allied forces in World War I at Black Tom Island, a piece of land lying off of Jersey City near Liberty Island (it has since been connected to the mainland with landfill). Shrapnel from the blast, which was felt as far away as Maryland, penetrated the Statue of Liberty’s skirt and torch. Repairs weren’t completed until the next decade. The arm and torch of the statue have been closed to visitors since that incident. 

While the gleaming gold of the Statue of Liberty's torch is a wonder to behold, no one can get inside and see what can only be breathtaking views of the city.

Left below: image from 1984 — View of the “old” flame, torch platform and fingers on hand, looking northeast. Right: 1985 — New torch and flame in place as workers begin dismantling the scaffolding. During the day and at dusk, the gold-leaf coating on the new torch reflects the sun’s rays; after dark, 16 floodlights light up in the torch, light it up. 

The old torch now sits in the as-yet-unfinished Statue of Liberty Museum, which is scheduled to open in May 2019. The museum will be accessible to all visitors to the island, meaning that a wider audience will have an opportunity to appreciate the torch’s majesty.

An arm and a head

The statue’s torch-bearing right arm and head were constructed before the rest of the statue, and were exhibited in both France and the United States in the 1870s in order to aid in fundraising. The completed statue, with its innovative iron-truss structure designed by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, was completely assembled in France, then disassembled and shipped to the U.S. for reassembly.

Poetic license

“The New Colossus,” the famed sonnet about the statue by poet Emma Lazarus, was originally written to aid in fundraising efforts in 1883. It wasn’t until 1903, 16 years after Lazarus’s death, that a plaque bearing its now-famous words—including “Give me your tired, your poor,/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,/The wretched refuse of your teeming shore”—was installed on a plaque inside the statue’s pedestal. Lazarus, whose Sephardic Jewish ancestors emigrated to America from Portugal in colonial times, would likely not be pleased that the plaque is missing a crucial comma: the line that reads “Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!” should be “Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!”

Going green

The statue’s green patina, a natural product of the oxidation of copper called verdigris, did not begin to emerge until 1900. At the time, people worried that it meant the statue was decaying, and a paint job was considered until the Army Corps of Engineers determined it was causing no structural damage.

Reaching new heights

At the time of its erection, the statue—which measures 305 feet and 1 inch from the base of the pedestal to the tip of the torch—was the tallest man-made structure in the United States, outstripping the Brooklyn Bridge by 29 feet.

Freedom Fighter

In one early iteration of the design, Lady Liberty was holding a broken chain and shackles in her outstretched hand. The final version has her stepping over those shackles in sandaled feet. The cap under her crown resembles the Phrygian cap that Roman slaves got when they were freed. The tablet in her left arm, bearing the date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, is in the shape of a keystone. The Roman numerals used for the year 1776 symbolize her ties to the Roman goddess Libertas.

Carrying a torch (or three)

The torch has undergone three redesigns. Originally, it was supposed to function as a lighthouse, but it was too dim to be effective. A subsequent reworking left it leaky and unsafe. The most recent renovation is true to Bartholdi’s original design—the flame is gilded with 24k gold and the flame is illuminated with light from the terrace below.

Conspiracy theory

Rumors persist to this day that the statue is in reality a thinly veiled show of strength by the Illuminati, a shadowy group of international conspirators based on the Freemason brotherhood, which has been a target of suspicion since its inception in Enlightenment-era Europe. People subscribing to this theory point to the fact that Frédéric Bartholdi was himself a Freemason, and that there are Freemason symbols on a plaque at the statue’s base. 

Movie mayhem

Starting in 1933, the statue has been destroyed in more than 30 movies and even more video games, falling victim to aliens, tsunamis, earthquakes, and monsters. A still from the 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow, showing the statue getting smacked by an enormous wave, went viral during Superstorm Sandy, with many who shared it on social media believing that it was a real image.

Life imitates art

On October 29, 2012, flood waters from Hurricane Sandy covered 75% of Liberty Island and almost all of Ellis Island, flooding basements of all buildings with the exception of the Statue and Monument. Winds and flooding from the storm destroyed most of the infrastructure on both islands including; electric, water, sewer, HVAC systems, phone systems, security systems, and radio equipment. The visitor security screening facilities at Battery Park and Liberty State Park were destroyed. The main passenger pier and the work/emergency pier on Liberty Island were severely damaged, as were the perimeter walkway and railings around the island.

The Statue of Liberty is on Liberty Island, a 14 acre island located a mile south of lower Manhattan. Normally, the confines of the New York Harbor protect Liberty Island from extreme weather. However, when Hurricane Sandy hit, Liberty Island was in the direct path of a massive storm surge. Nearby in Battery Park, water rose 13.8 feet (4.2m). On Liberty Island, that meant nearly 75% of the island was under water according to former Statue of Liberty Superintendent David Luchsinger.

Luckily, the Statue of Liberty itself did not receive any damage. The Statue's iron framework designed by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel allowed for the Statue of Liberty to withstand the storm's intense winds. However, the Island's utilities, backup generator, and power systems were destroyed. The passenger and auxiliary docks were severely damaged and brick pathways have been uprooted around the Island.

Here is a time lapse video of Hurricane Sandy hitting the Statue of Liberty

Welcoming travelers of the world

If you love photography, and want to taking pictures of the Statue of Liberty from the best spots, these tours will make you very happy.

Amazing sunset along with Lady Liberty

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